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Pulmonary hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants: a case-control analysis. In this case-control analysis, pulmonary hemorrhage cases (n = 22) were more likely than gestational age-matched controls (n = 44) to be small for gestational age, have moderate-to-large patent ductus arteriosus, extubate rapidly, and develop grade III-IV intraventricular hemorrhage (P < .05). Cases were more likely to die (P = .000), especially if not exposed to indomethacin (P = .007).