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Mortality Risk Factors Among Infants Receiving Dialysis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors associated with mortality for infants receiving dialysis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the Pediatrix Clinical Data Warehouse on all infants who received dialysis in the NICU from 1999-2018. Using a Cox proportional hazards model with robust standard errors we estimated the mortality hazard ratios associated with demographics, birth details, medical complications, and treatment exposures. RESULTS: We identified 273 infants who received dialysis. Median gestational age at birth was 35 weeks (interquartile values (IQV) 33-37), and median birth weight was 2570 grams (2000-3084), 8% were small for gestational age, 41% white, and 72% male. Over half of the infants (59%) had a kidney anomaly; 71 (26%) infants died before NICU hospital discharge. Factors associated with increased risk of dying after dialysis initiation included lack of kidney anomalies, Black race, gestational age <32 weeks, necrotizing enterocolitis, dialysis within 7 days of life, and receipt of paralytics or vasopressors (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: In this cohort of infants who received dialysis in the NICU over two decades, more than 70% of infants survived. The probability of death was greater among infants without a history of a kidney anomaly and those with risk factors consistent with greater severity of illness at dialysis initiation.