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Advances in use of immunomodulatory agents--a rheumatology perspective. With the advent of biologic agents such as TNF inhibitors, the treatment paradigm for autoimmune systemic inflammatory diseases has progressed tremendously. Despite some distinct treatments, similarities exist in several aspects of the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), IBD and psoriasis. With a so-called treat-to-target strategy aiming at remission, the intensive and early application of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs within a 'window of opportunity', and in combination with TNF inhibitors, has become the overarching principle of RA therapy. In this Perspective, the concept of treatment approaches using immunomodulatory agents and the latest advances of therapies in autoimmune systemic inflammatory diseases, especially RA, are overviewed from a rheumatology perspective to provide insights into possible approaches to the treatment of inflammatory gastrointestinal disease.