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Stimulation of erythropoietin release by hypoxia and hypoxemia: similar but different. Erythropoietin is released from the kidney in response to tissue hypoxia. Montero and Lundby found that increases in plasma erythropoietin induced by reducing arterial oxygen content in healthy humans were independent of arterial oxygen tension. Their observations accord with the established physiology of kidney oxygenation and can be predicted by a computational model of renal oxygen transport. However, model simulations indicate that the interpretation implicit in the title of their paper may be an oversimplification.