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Energy and Protein Intake During Pregnancy in Relation to Preterm Birth: A Case Control Study. OBJECTIVE: To find the association of maternal energy and protein intake with preterm birth. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Two hospitals at Lucknow in Northern India. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n=350) were defined as mothers (age 18-40 y) of singleton live preterm (<37 wks) neonates. Controls (n=350) were mothers who delivered a singleton neonate, consecutive to enrolled case, after completing 37 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant lower mean (SD) energy intake [cases 1624 (249) Kcal vs. controls 1911 (341) Kcal; P<0.001] and protein intake [cases 32.1 (6.1) vs. controls 37.2 (7.0); P<0.001] among women who delivered preterm neonates. Maternal energy and protein intake had significant positive correlation with neonatal weight, length, foot length, head circumference and chest circumference. CONCLUSION: Lower energy and protein intake during pregnancy is possibly associated with preterm birth.