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Association of Vitamin A Status With Under-Five Mortality in India. OBJECTIVE: To re-estimate the survival benefit from Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) in India using meta-analysis and to correlate mortality and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children aged 6 months to 5 years. METHODS: Pooled Risk Ratio (fixed effects model) for mortality reduction with VAS was calculated from available Indian studies. Computed mortality rates in 6 months to 5 years children in Indian states were regressed on VAD prevalence estimates of the states. Results: There was no reduction in risk of all-cause mortality with VAS (Risk Ratio=0.96; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.89, 1.03). When regressing mortality on VAD in high or low VAD prevalence states, the regression coefficients were discordant. CONCLUSION: No survival benefit was observed for VAS in India. The targeting of VAS programs should be given serious consideration.