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BACKGROUND Myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of heart muscle, often results from an infection caused by a spectrum of viruses. Patients usually present with dyspnea, chest discomfort, or chest pain of acute onset. The insult can be directly caused by the virus, or the body's immune response can cause damage to cardiac myocytes. There is a greater incidence of viral myocarditis in immunocompromised individuals, those with unhygienic habits, or poor living conditions. We present a case of a young individual who was found to have coxsackie myocarditis and had a complicated course in the hospital. CASE DESCRIPTION A 21-year-old male patient, from a village in rural Karnataka (India), presented to the ER with complaints of breathlessness since 1 day, acute onset, present at rest, progressive, associated with cough and scanty sputum. Patient had a history of fever for 4–5 days associated with chills and neck pain and was treated for the same in a teaching hospital near his hometown. He was informed that he has reduced cardiac function following the development of breathlessness and was referred to a higher center for further management. There was no history of rash or polyarthralgia. There was no history of alcohol consumption, exposure to a case of tuberculosis, and deaths in young age in the family. There was also no history of preexisting heart disease. On examination, pulse rate was 160 bpm, blood pressure 80/52 mm Hg, and respiratory rate was 40/minute SpO2 78%. Patient was not febrile. Extremities were cold, and pulse was thready.

CASE DESCRIPTION A 21-year-old male patient, from a village in rural Karnataka (India), presented to the ER with complaints of breathlessness since 1 day, acute onset, present at rest, progressive, associated with cough and scanty sputum. Patient had a history of fever for 4–5 days associated with chills and neck pain and was treated for the same in a teaching hospital near his hometown. He was informed that he has reduced cardiac function following the development of breathlessness and was referred to a higher center for further management. There was no history of rash or polyarthralgia. There was no history of alcohol consumption, exposure to a case of tuberculosis, and deaths in young age in the family. There was also no history of preexisting heart disease. On examination, pulse rate was 160 bpm, blood pressure 80/52 mm Hg, and respiratory rate was 40/minute SpO2 78%. Patient was not febrile. Extremities were cold, and pulse was thready. Coarse crackles were present in the bilateral infrascapular region, and basal air entry was reduced on both sides. Neck movements were very painful. No obvious sensory or motor deficits were seen. ECG revealed sinus tachycardia (Fig. 1).

On examination, pulse rate was 160 bpm, blood pressure 80/52 mm Hg, and respiratory rate was 40/minute SpO2 78%. Patient was not febrile. Extremities were cold, and pulse was thready. Coarse crackles were present in the bilateral infrascapular region, and basal air entry was reduced on both sides. Neck movements were very painful. No obvious sensory or motor deficits were seen. ECG revealed sinus tachycardia (Fig. 1). Patient was immediately administered 8 L/minute oxygen, inotropes, diuretics, low-dose aspirin, and atorvastatin. Empirical antibiotics were started after blood culture, and routine tests were performed. 2D-Echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 20%. Chest X-ray revealed bilateral mild-to-moderate pleural effusion. Intravenous (IV) tramadol was administered in view of severe neck pain, and the presenting symptoms were all attributed to suspected viral infection, with a background of ongoing dengue epidemic in the region. Fig. 1 ECG at admission Table 1 Important laboratory investigations

Patient was immediately administered 8 L/minute oxygen, inotropes, diuretics, low-dose aspirin, and atorvastatin. Empirical antibiotics were started after blood culture, and routine tests were performed. 2D-Echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 20%. Chest X-ray revealed bilateral mild-to-moderate pleural effusion. Intravenous (IV) tramadol was administered in view of severe neck pain, and the presenting symptoms were all attributed to suspected viral infection, with a background of ongoing dengue epidemic in the region. Fig. 1 ECG at admission Table 1 Important laboratory investigations Lab reports Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20 Hb (g/dL) 12.5 9.6 7.7 9.0 Platelets (/mm3) 117,000 65,000 745,000 889,000 450,000 Total WBC (/mm3) 5100 N-93, L-3 9600 16,900 37,400 19,100 11,100 Peripheral smear Neutrophilia with thrombocytopenia Toxic granules seen S. creatinine (mg/dL) 1.49 1.85 2.01 0.73 0.80 S. urea (mg/dL) 66 32 Total bilirubin (mg/dL) 1.43 D. bilirubin (mg/dL) 1.05 Sodium (mEq/L) 131 136 Potassium (mEq/L) 4.41 3.43 Troponin T (ng/mL) 0.12 CK-MB 36 S. procalcitonin (ng/mL) 82.49 2.48 S. lactate (mg/dL) 23.5 Urine examination Protein 1+, RBC-7, WBC-4 SGOT (IU/L) 70 SGPT (IU/L) 45 Total proteins (g/dL) 5.2 Albumin (g/dL) 2.7 g/dL A:G ratio 1.1 INR 1.94 PT C-11.2s, T-21.4s Dengue serology NS-1, IgG, IgM negative Widal test Negative Malaria Serology and smear negative Blood culture MRSA Lab results indicated bacterial sepsis, and dengue serology was negative (Table 1). Sequential organ failure assessment score was calculated to be 8. Total white blood cell (WBC) counts and serum (S.) creatinine levels were on an increasing trend, and the blood culture grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on day 3 of admission. Subsequently, IV vancomycin and linezolid were started according to a sensitivity report. Fever spikes persisted, accompanied by tachycardia and tachypnea.

s and serum (S.) creatinine levels were on an increasing trend, and the blood culture grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on day 3 of admission. Subsequently, IV vancomycin and linezolid were started according to a sensitivity report. Fever spikes persisted, accompanied by tachycardia and tachypnea. Inotropes were tapered down by the sixth day of admission with blood pressure maintaining at 104/66 mm Hg. However, the total counts increased to 25,600/mm3. As the tachypnea was still persistent, the USG chest was done on day 6 that showed approximately 800 mL fluid on the left and 700 mL on the right side of the chest with septations. It was decided to drain the fluid by placing an intercostal tube on the left side. Pleural fluid was turbid, dark-colored, with pus cells but not remarkable for tuberculosis or malignancy. Fig. 2 MRI (spine) showing posterior epidural abscess with maximum width at the level of C4 (4.5 mm) Patient developed icterus, liver functions were found to be deranged. Serum creatinine was returning to normal and found to be 1.07 mg/dL on day 7. In view of continuous fever and tachypnea, netilmicin (according to culture sensitivity) was added. Intercostal tube was removed once the drain reduced to less than 50 mL by day 8.

developed icterus, liver functions were found to be deranged. Serum creatinine was returning to normal and found to be 1.07 mg/dL on day 7. In view of continuous fever and tachypnea, netilmicin (according to culture sensitivity) was added. Intercostal tube was removed once the drain reduced to less than 50 mL by day 8. Meanwhile, the neck pain had increased, but still no neurological deficits were present. MRI spine (Fig. 2) on day 8 showed a posterior epidural abscess, extending along the cervical, and visualized dorsal spine, maximum width 4.5 mm at the level of C4. Neurosurgeon's opinion was taken; however, it was decided not to drain the abscess and wait for a response to the ongoing antibiotics. Intravenous tramadol was administered for pain relief. CT scan of thorax (Fig. 3) on day 10 revealed multiple loculated pleural collections, soft tissue densities in both lungs, and moderate effusion in bilateral pleura. Intercostal tube was put on the other side, to try and remove possible infectious foci. Visible improvement in tachypnea was seen by day 15. Antibiotics were continued, and total counts started normalizing (11,100/mm3 on day 20), and fever spikes reduced. Repeat echo on day 20 showed improved left ventricle ejection fraction (60%). Meanwhile, incentive spirometry with chest physiotherapy helped in improving lung function, and patient could maintain saturation without oxygen support. Neck pain had reduced, and repeat MRI spine on day 22 showed reduced thickness of epidural abscess.

Antibiotics were continued, and total counts started normalizing (11,100/mm3 on day 20), and fever spikes reduced. Repeat echo on day 20 showed improved left ventricle ejection fraction (60%). Meanwhile, incentive spirometry with chest physiotherapy helped in improving lung function, and patient could maintain saturation without oxygen support. Neck pain had reduced, and repeat MRI spine on day 22 showed reduced thickness of epidural abscess. Initial IgM coxsackie investigation was reported as strong positive on day 22, and hence a certain diagnosis was established. Figs 3A to D CT (thorax) showing multiple loculated pleural collections, soft tissue densities in both lungs, and moderate effusion in bilateral pleura Patient was given IV antibiotics for a total of 6 weeks and was discharged in a state of good health. DISCUSSION Coxsackie B viruses are members of the human enterovirus B cluster in the family Picornaviridae. They are nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive-strand orientation that acts as a messenger RNA upon infection. Coxsackie B viruses are best known as cytolytic viruses that kill the cells they infect.1 Coxsackie B3 and B4 viruses are the serotypes most commonly associated with myocarditis.

. They are nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive-strand orientation that acts as a messenger RNA upon infection. Coxsackie B viruses are best known as cytolytic viruses that kill the cells they infect.1 Coxsackie B3 and B4 viruses are the serotypes most commonly associated with myocarditis. Myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of heart muscle, often results from an infection caused by a spectrum of viruses. The clinical spectrum of viral cardiomyopathy can be classified as fulminant, acute, or chronic. In the first phase, acutely infected cardiac myocytes die and initiate the activation of innate immune response with the involvement of interferon-gamma, natural killer cells, and nitric oxide. Although most patients recover from this infection, a small subset becomes victims to an adaptive immune response causing antibody-mediated damage to cardiac myocytes. The immune responses then get downregulated in the third phase and fibrosis ensues in the myocardium. The inflammatory processes may persist and lead to ventricular dysfunction.2 Because patients generally present days to weeks after the initial viral infection, antiviral therapy has limited applicability in patients with acute viral myocarditis. The initial evaluation should include electrocardiography, echocardiography, and often contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI. If ischemia is suspected, patient should usually undergo coronary angiography.

ks after the initial viral infection, antiviral therapy has limited applicability in patients with acute viral myocarditis. The initial evaluation should include electrocardiography, echocardiography, and often contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI. If ischemia is suspected, patient should usually undergo coronary angiography. Endomyocardial biopsies are usually not indicated unless tachyarrhythmias suggest possible sarcoidosis or giant cell myocarditis. Dallas criteria are used on biopsy to diagnose myocarditis.3 This case also highlights the need to eliminate infectious foci in order to aggressively clear the S. aureus infection as was tried by draining pleural collections. High-dose vancomycin has a good cerebrospinal fluid penetration and further bactericidal activity in epidural abscesses.4 The patient did not have established risk factors for epidural abscess recurrence and hence indicated a good prognosis.5 In this case, the patient was immediately put on inotropes and all supportive cardiac measures, and coxsackie viral IgM antibody was sent for, based on clinical suspicion. The disease was complicated by MRSA sepsis that needed further intervention to prevent accentuation of the preexisting illness. It is worthwhile to note that treating doctors stuck with the antibiotics going on, and a little patience proved beneficial to the patient. Conservative management with supportive cardiac measures was helpful in getting the patient out of heart failure, and the patient was discharged after full antibiotic course in a healthy condition with ejection fraction 60%.

In this case, the patient was immediately put on inotropes and all supportive cardiac measures, and coxsackie viral IgM antibody was sent for, based on clinical suspicion. The disease was complicated by MRSA sepsis that needed further intervention to prevent accentuation of the preexisting illness. It is worthwhile to note that treating doctors stuck with the antibiotics going on, and a little patience proved beneficial to the patient. Conservative management with supportive cardiac measures was helpful in getting the patient out of heart failure, and the patient was discharged after full antibiotic course in a healthy condition with ejection fraction 60%. CONCLUSION The patient recovered completely following 6 weeks of antibiotics. Coxsackie viral myocarditis should be suspected in such presentations, after ruling out more common causes of heart failure of likely infectious etiology. An aggressive approach for removal of infectious foci along with the use of antibiotics the causative organism is most sensitive to is advisable.

eks of antibiotics. Coxsackie viral myocarditis should be suspected in such presentations, after ruling out more common causes of heart failure of likely infectious etiology. An aggressive approach for removal of infectious foci along with the use of antibiotics the causative organism is most sensitive to is advisable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Up to 10% of the cases of Coxsackie myocarditis progress to chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. The management is usually conservative, and antiviral agents have shown no role in speedy recovery. Elimination of infectious foci aggressively is of prime importance in the treatment of bacterial sepsis. A decision to not draining the posterior epidural abscess is where the aggressive approach was limited in this case, as it could have proven to be more harmful than beneficial. A careful balance of inotropes, diuretics, and fluid management with the appropriate antibiotics for an apt duration is needed to get the patient into remission in such cases. Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None