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INTRODUCTION Lemierre's syndrome is the septic embolic complication of recent pharyngeal illness. It is commonly caused by Fusobacterium spp. We present a case of young man with Lemierre's syndrome and provide literature review on management principles. CASE REPORT A 21-year-old male with unremarkable past health except was allergic to cefuroxime and metronidazole presented with sore throat and shortness of breath. He was initially seen by otorhinolaryngologist for left tonsillitis in the Emergency Department. Flexible laryngoscopy showed mobile bilateral vocal cords with patent upper airway. He was in septic shock and transferred to the Intensive Care Unit for acute tonsillitis complicated with septic shock on October 7, 2016. Detailed medical history reviewed a 4-day history of sore throat, fever, and poor oral intake. He was febrile with low-grade temperature of 37.6°C. Chest X-ray showed bilateral lower zone infiltrates. Ultrasound thorax showed bilateral pleural effusion around 4 cm without septation. He developed respiratory failure and intubated for respiratory support. He was treated with doxycycline, clindamycin, and vancomycin empirically in view of the drug allergy history. Upon clinical deterioration, antibiotics were upgraded to meropenem and doxycycline.

Detailed medical history reviewed a 4-day history of sore throat, fever, and poor oral intake. He was febrile with low-grade temperature of 37.6°C. Chest X-ray showed bilateral lower zone infiltrates. Ultrasound thorax showed bilateral pleural effusion around 4 cm without septation. He developed respiratory failure and intubated for respiratory support. He was treated with doxycycline, clindamycin, and vancomycin empirically in view of the drug allergy history. Upon clinical deterioration, antibiotics were upgraded to meropenem and doxycycline. Throat swab, urine, and sputum culture were negative. Endotracheal aspirates for influenza and other viruses were negative and bacterial culture was negative. Blood culture on day 2 yielded Fusobacterium necrophorum, sensitive to metronidazole and minimal inhibitory concentration of clindamycin 0.12 μg/mL. Microbiologists were consulted and suggested to keep meropenem alone.

otracheal aspirates for influenza and other viruses were negative and bacterial culture was negative. Blood culture on day 2 yielded Fusobacterium necrophorum, sensitive to metronidazole and minimal inhibitory concentration of clindamycin 0.12 μg/mL. Microbiologists were consulted and suggested to keep meropenem alone. In view of persistent leukocytosis and neck pain, computed tomography (CT) of neck and thorax was performed on October 13, 2016, which showed no obvious abscess, but left internal jugular thrombophlebitis [Figure 1] and multiple cavitating lung nodules [Figure 2] compatible with distal thromboembolism and supported the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. Right internal jugular vein, left brachiocephalic vein, and superior vena cava were patent. Otorhinolaryngologist suggested to continue antibiotics and not for internal jugular vein ligation. He was shortly discharged to general ward to continue intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate following the antibiotic desensitization protocol. He made satisfactory progress and was discharged home with oral amoxicillin-clavulanate. No anticoagulation was given. Subsequent follow-up with chest X-ray showed resolution of lung infiltrates, and antibiotic was stopped after 6 weeks. Figure 1 Thrombosis of left internal jugular vein and its branches on contrast computed tomography Figure 2 Computed tomography thorax shows multiple cavitary lung lesions

In view of persistent leukocytosis and neck pain, computed tomography (CT) of neck and thorax was performed on October 13, 2016, which showed no obvious abscess, but left internal jugular thrombophlebitis [Figure 1] and multiple cavitating lung nodules [Figure 2] compatible with distal thromboembolism and supported the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. Right internal jugular vein, left brachiocephalic vein, and superior vena cava were patent. Otorhinolaryngologist suggested to continue antibiotics and not for internal jugular vein ligation. He was shortly discharged to general ward to continue intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate following the antibiotic desensitization protocol. He made satisfactory progress and was discharged home with oral amoxicillin-clavulanate. No anticoagulation was given. Subsequent follow-up with chest X-ray showed resolution of lung infiltrates, and antibiotic was stopped after 6 weeks. Figure 1 Thrombosis of left internal jugular vein and its branches on contrast computed tomography Figure 2 Computed tomography thorax shows multiple cavitary lung lesions DISCUSSIONS Lemierre's syndrome is the septic thrombophlebitis following an oropharyngeal infection.[1] It was first described by Lemierre et al. in 1936. Up to 60% of cases were caused F. necrophorum infection.[2] In a systematic review by Johannesen and Bodtger, other pathogens causing Lemierre's syndrome include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas.[3] Septic emboli in the liver and lung were commonly identified,[4] but rarer complications including necrotizing fasciitis, mycotic aneurysms, and central nervous system infections have also been reported.[356] Lemierre's syndrome, often known as “the forgotten disease,” has a markedly reduced incidence since the 1940s, probably due to the widespread use of antimicrobials.

ntified,[4] but rarer complications including necrotizing fasciitis, mycotic aneurysms, and central nervous system infections have also been reported.[356] Lemierre's syndrome, often known as “the forgotten disease,” has a markedly reduced incidence since the 1940s, probably due to the widespread use of antimicrobials. The disease tends to affect young adults who were otherwise healthy.[17] Men are two times more likely to be affected than women. More than two-third of the patients presented with tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or upper respiratory tract infections.[1] Increased incidence during late winter has been observed.[7] Patients suffering from Lemierre's syndrome infrequently require invasive organ supports. In our patient's case, he presented with septic shock and shortly intubated for mechanical ventilation. Prognosis is generally good with low mortality, but recurrence of abscess can sometimes happen. F. necrophorum is an obligate Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium. It is commonly found in oral cavity, and up to 20% of healthy teenagers are colonized with F. necrophorum. It may be the second most common bacterial cause of pharyngotonsillitis of adolescents.[7] Coinfection with virus and bacteria, i.e., Streptococcus has been reported.[7] Simultaneous Epstein–Barr virus infection was reported in up to 19% of cases.[7]

and up to 20% of healthy teenagers are colonized with F. necrophorum. It may be the second most common bacterial cause of pharyngotonsillitis of adolescents.[7] Coinfection with virus and bacteria, i.e., Streptococcus has been reported.[7] Simultaneous Epstein–Barr virus infection was reported in up to 19% of cases.[7] F. necrophorum is difficult to culture and requires a longer incubation period. Identification of F. necrophorum to species level often relies on newer microbiological techniques, i.e., 16 s ribosomal RNA and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight.[7] In our patient, prolonged incubation of the blood culture yielded F. necrophorum. Different imaging modalities assist in the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. Doppler ultrasound of the internal jugular veins allows a quick screening for thrombophlebitis and is especially helpful as a bedside tool in intensive care settings. Moreover, central venous cannulations in such affected vein should be avoided. CT scan confirms and delineates the extent of thrombophlebitis and also allows the identification of lung abscess in our patient. In fact, more than 95% of cases of internal jugular thrombophlebitis were diagnosed by CT.[3] Serial scans also allow disease monitoring and possibly guide antibiotics and anticoagulation treatments.

onfirms and delineates the extent of thrombophlebitis and also allows the identification of lung abscess in our patient. In fact, more than 95% of cases of internal jugular thrombophlebitis were diagnosed by CT.[3] Serial scans also allow disease monitoring and possibly guide antibiotics and anticoagulation treatments. Management of Lemierre's syndrome lies on early adequate and prolonged course of antibiotics. The debate for anticoagulation is ongoing, yet it may seem reasonable to anticoagulate high-risk patients. Surgical interventions including abscess drainage may be helpful, but venous ligation is seldom indicated. Varieties of treatment durations have been suggested. In general, a prolonged course of antibiotics around 3–6 weeks is generally recommended. Metronidazole is often the recommended agent with adequate tissue penetration.[1] A combination of third-generation cephalosporin and metronidazole would provide a reasonable coverage for other coinfections with Streptococcus.[2] Erythromycin resistance is not uncommon and up to 20% has been reported. Antibiotics can be initially given intravenously for 2–3 weeks then orally up to 6 weeks.[8]

on.[1] A combination of third-generation cephalosporin and metronidazole would provide a reasonable coverage for other coinfections with Streptococcus.[2] Erythromycin resistance is not uncommon and up to 20% has been reported. Antibiotics can be initially given intravenously for 2–3 weeks then orally up to 6 weeks.[8] The role, duration, and targets of anticoagulation were uncertain. A retrospective analysis of 18 cases with or without anticoagulation showed no difference in thrombi resolution,[9] while another retrospective review of pediatric patients did not show major bleeding complications on anticoagulation.[10] A systematic review of 137 cases found that more than 60% were anticoagulated for 2 weeks to 6 months with only 2 patients suffered from complications. However, the severity and sites of thrombosis were not specified.[3] Some authors suggest to anticoagulate high-risk patients, in particular, those who had extensive thrombosis or cerebral sinus thrombosis. There was also a concern for surgical operation and prothrombotic workup before starting anticoagulation. However, high-quality studies on Lemierre's syndrome were limited due to its uncommon nature. Surgical drainage of sizable and accessible abscess might be beneficial to allow better control of infection.[38] As most of the cases can be treated successfully by antibiotics, ligation of the internal jugular vein is seldom needed. Detailed dental assessment and teeth extractions may be required to prevent further septic embolism.

ge of sizable and accessible abscess might be beneficial to allow better control of infection.[38] As most of the cases can be treated successfully by antibiotics, ligation of the internal jugular vein is seldom needed. Detailed dental assessment and teeth extractions may be required to prevent further septic embolism. Lemierre's syndrome is the septic embolic complication of recent pharyngeal illness. Fusobacterium spp. accounts for the majority of cases. A high index of suspicion is needed and prolonged antibiotic is advised. It is seldom seen in intensive care but should never be forgotten. Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.