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Introduction Dyspepsia is a clinical syndrome including manifestations related to the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which may include acute, chronic, or recurrent pain or discomfort. Other associated symptoms include fullness, early satiety, and bloating, burning, belching, nausea, retching, and vomiting. It is generally categorized into functional and organic dyspepsia. In the functional dyspepsia, no obvious cause is detected. Functional dyspepsia is classified after Rome III criteria into two major subtypes, the post-prandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome with criteria fulfilled in the last 3 months and symptoms onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis, again in the absence of structural disease [1, 2]. The most common causes of organic dyspepsia include peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, hepatobiliary disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and malignancy. The burden of dyspepsia on the daily medical service is huge, because its prevalence in the general population varies from 25% to 40% and accounts for 5% of general clinics visits [1]. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a widespread disease and is endemic in many countries around the world especially in the developing countries [3] with a wide range of morbidity, ranging from asymptomatic colonization of the gastric mucosa, through acute gastritis, chronic gastritis, atrophic gastritis that may be complicated by intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric cancer and that is why it needs recognition and appropriate therapy [4].

ping countries [3] with a wide range of morbidity, ranging from asymptomatic colonization of the gastric mucosa, through acute gastritis, chronic gastritis, atrophic gastritis that may be complicated by intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric cancer and that is why it needs recognition and appropriate therapy [4]. This study was conducted to reveal different demographic, endoscopic and histologic features among dyspeptic patients with and without stool H. pylori antigen positivity. Patients and Methods Study design This was a cross-sectional observational and interventional study. Patients All adult patients with dyspepsia who presented to Outpatient Gastroenterology Clinics of the Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt in the period from March 2016 to March 2017 were offered to participate in the study. Patients who agreed gave a written informed consent for participating in the study. One hundred fifty-one consecutive patients were enrolled and were assigned into two groups: group I - stool H. pylori antigen positive group; group II - the stool H. pylori antigen negative group. Inclusion criteria Patients with these criteria were included: 1) age range from 18 to 60 years; 2) both male and female; 3) good mentality to understand aim, benefits and steps of the study; 4) assumed availability during the study period; and 5) agreement upon examination by upper endoscopy and biopsy.

Patients All adult patients with dyspepsia who presented to Outpatient Gastroenterology Clinics of the Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt in the period from March 2016 to March 2017 were offered to participate in the study. Patients who agreed gave a written informed consent for participating in the study. One hundred fifty-one consecutive patients were enrolled and were assigned into two groups: group I - stool H. pylori antigen positive group; group II - the stool H. pylori antigen negative group. Inclusion criteria Patients with these criteria were included: 1) age range from 18 to 60 years; 2) both male and female; 3) good mentality to understand aim, benefits and steps of the study; 4) assumed availability during the study period; and 5) agreement upon examination by upper endoscopy and biopsy. Exclusion criteria Patients with these conditions were excluded from the study: 1) chronic diseases, e.g. diabetes, renal failure, and cirrhosis; 2) malignancy; 3) gallbladder disorders; 4) prior peptic ulcer diseases; 5) prior upper GIT surgery; and 6) patients who used proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antibiotics or probiotics within 4 weeks before being enrolled in the study Definitions H. pylori infection is defined in this study when the patient was positive or negative for H. pylori antigen in stool provided that he did not receive any PPIs or antibiotics in the last 4 weeks prior to the examination.

Exclusion criteria Patients with these conditions were excluded from the study: 1) chronic diseases, e.g. diabetes, renal failure, and cirrhosis; 2) malignancy; 3) gallbladder disorders; 4) prior peptic ulcer diseases; 5) prior upper GIT surgery; and 6) patients who used proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antibiotics or probiotics within 4 weeks before being enrolled in the study Definitions H. pylori infection is defined in this study when the patient was positive or negative for H. pylori antigen in stool provided that he did not receive any PPIs or antibiotics in the last 4 weeks prior to the examination. Dyspepsia is a term used for acute, chronic, or recurrent pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen. It may be associated with upper abdominal fullness, early satiety, and bloating, burning, belching, nausea, retching, and vomiting [1]. Endoscopic examination was performed to all patients after explanation about the procedure, possible complications, benefits and biopsy. All patients were examined under light sedation in the left lateral position. A CD video was obtained for every patient for documentation and possible re-evaluation if needed. Complete report about the esophageus, stomach and duodenum till the second part was obtained. Endoscopic gastritis was defined when the mucosa of the stomach was apparently inflamed with erythema and nodularity [5]. Four samples were taken, two from the antrum and two from the body of the stomach for histologic examination [5].

report about the esophageus, stomach and duodenum till the second part was obtained. Endoscopic gastritis was defined when the mucosa of the stomach was apparently inflamed with erythema and nodularity [5]. Four samples were taken, two from the antrum and two from the body of the stomach for histologic examination [5]. Histopathologic analysis was performed for all biopsies with hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa stains. All biopsy specimens were evaluated for the presence of H. pylori bacilli, mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes) as markers of inflammation and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (neutrophils) as markers of activity. Inflammation and activity were graded using a semi-quantitative score ranging from 0 (none), 1 (minimal), 2 (mild), 3 (moderate) to 4 (severe) [5].

ori bacilli, mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes) as markers of inflammation and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (neutrophils) as markers of activity. Inflammation and activity were graded using a semi-quantitative score ranging from 0 (none), 1 (minimal), 2 (mild), 3 (moderate) to 4 (severe) [5]. Patient assessment All patients were subjected to: 1) full history taking; 2) full clinical examination; 3) abdominal ultrasound examination; and 4) stool H. pylori antigen (On Site H. pylori Ag Rapid Test, CTK Biotech, USA). It is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for qualitative assessment of H. pylori antigens depending on the use of monoclonal antibodies against H. pylori conjugated with colloid gold. Positive cases were marked with two bands of color changes (one test band and one control band). 5) upper GIT endoscopy with full comment on endoscopic lesions and biopsy; and 6) histopathologic examination of the gastric biopsies (hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa stains) for determining the presence of H. pylori bacilli, presence and density of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Data were expressed as number and percentage for qualitative variables and mean ± standard deviation for quantitative ones. P value of < 0.05 indicates significant results. Comparison between the two groups was done using t-test and Chi-square test.

Patient assessment All patients were subjected to: 1) full history taking; 2) full clinical examination; 3) abdominal ultrasound examination; and 4) stool H. pylori antigen (On Site H. pylori Ag Rapid Test, CTK Biotech, USA). It is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for qualitative assessment of H. pylori antigens depending on the use of monoclonal antibodies against H. pylori conjugated with colloid gold. Positive cases were marked with two bands of color changes (one test band and one control band). 5) upper GIT endoscopy with full comment on endoscopic lesions and biopsy; and 6) histopathologic examination of the gastric biopsies (hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa stains) for determining the presence of H. pylori bacilli, presence and density of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Data were expressed as number and percentage for qualitative variables and mean ± standard deviation for quantitative ones. P value of < 0.05 indicates significant results. Comparison between the two groups was done using t-test and Chi-square test. Ethical considerations The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. All patients gave a written informed consent for participating in the study and for performing all relevant interventions. The study protocol was adherent to practice guidelines and Declaration of Helsinki.

dy protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. All patients gave a written informed consent for participating in the study and for performing all relevant interventions. The study protocol was adherent to practice guidelines and Declaration of Helsinki. Results Study patients One hundred fifty-one patients were consecutively enrolled. Group I comprised 80 patients with confirmed H. pylori infection using the readily available stool H. pylori antigen, while groups II comprised 71 patients who were negative for H. pylori stool antigen. The baseline characteristics of both groups are shown in Table 1. There had been no significant differences between both groups for pre-enrollment criteria except that group II included more smokers (P = 0.002) and had higher frequency of fast and spicy food consumption (P = 0.027) than group I.

. pylori stool antigen. The baseline characteristics of both groups are shown in Table 1. There had been no significant differences between both groups for pre-enrollment criteria except that group II included more smokers (P = 0.002) and had higher frequency of fast and spicy food consumption (P = 0.027) than group I. Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Both Groups Group I (N = 80) Group II (N = 71) P value No. % No. % Age (mean ± SD), range 37.1 ± 9.5 (20 - 56) 37 ± 9.4 (20 - 64) 0.972 Sex 0.869 Male 44 55.0 40 56.3 Female 36 45.0 31 43.7 Smoking 22 27.5 37 52.1 0.002 Socioeconomic status 0.623 Low 46 57.5 38 53.5 High 34 42.5 33 46.5 Education 0.831 Low 46 57.5 38 53.5 Secondary 30 37.5 30 42.3 High 4 5.0 3 4.2 Diet 0.027 Spicy 34 42.5 43 60.6 Regular 46 57.5 28 39.4 Endoscopic features The most common endoscopic findings (Table 2) of both groups were gastritis, reflux esophagitis, gastric erosions, peptic ulcer, mucosal nodularity and hiatus hernia and were encountered in 100%, 74.2%, 23.2%, 15.2%, 13.9%, and 13.2%, respectively with non-significant difference between both groups except for gastric erosions (superficial mucosal injury) that were significantly higher in stool H. pylori negative group (P < 0.001).

peptic ulcer, mucosal nodularity and hiatus hernia and were encountered in 100%, 74.2%, 23.2%, 15.2%, 13.9%, and 13.2%, respectively with non-significant difference between both groups except for gastric erosions (superficial mucosal injury) that were significantly higher in stool H. pylori negative group (P < 0.001). Table 2 Endoscopic Features of Both Groups Group I (N = 80) Group II (N = 71) P value No. % No. % Reflux esophagitis A 46 57.5 47 66.2 0.273 B 8 10.0 6 8.5 0.743 C 0 0.0 1 1.4 0.287 D 4 5.0 0 0.0 0.056 Hiatus hernia 10 12.5 8 11.3 0.816 Gastritis Pan-gastritis 70 87.5 63 88.7 0.816 Atrophic 4 5.0 5 7.0 0.597 Antral predominant 6 7.5 3 4.2 0.396 Erosions 10 12.5 25 35.2 < 0.001 Peptic ulcer 12 15.0 11 15.5 0.933 Mucosal nodularity 12 15.0 9 12.7 0.68 Gastritis at the time of endoscopy was the most common endoscopic finding in this study and was detected in 100% of patients and is either pan-gastritis (n = 133, 88%), atrophic gastritis (n = 9, 6%) or antral predominant gastritis (n = 9, 6%). Reflux esophagitis was the second common endoscopic finding in this study and was reported in 112 (78.8%) of all patients and most of the patients were in grade A. No malignancy was detected in either group.

either pan-gastritis (n = 133, 88%), atrophic gastritis (n = 9, 6%) or antral predominant gastritis (n = 9, 6%). Reflux esophagitis was the second common endoscopic finding in this study and was reported in 112 (78.8%) of all patients and most of the patients were in grade A. No malignancy was detected in either group. Histopathology features All patients of group I (100%) had histologic evidence of gastritis, while most of the stool H. pylori negative patients (92.9%) had this histologic evidence of gastritis. In the stool H. pylori positive group, chronic active gastritis was the most common histologic finding (96.3%) characterized by the neutrophils infiltration within the gastric mucosa. On the other hand, patients with negative stool H. pylori testing showed picture of chronic inactive gastritis (infiltration of the gastric mucosa by plasma cells and lymphocytes). The most surprising finding here is that not all stool H. pylori positive patients (n = 80) showed detectable H. pylori bacilli (67 patients, 83.8%) in their histology examination and this may point to patchy distribution of the organism and the need for more endoscopic biopsies. The other surprising finding is that despite testing negative for stool H. pylori antigen (n = 71) still 34 patients (47.9%) of the group II had the bacilli seen in their histology examination. Advanced stages of gastric mucosal pathology including intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were detected only in a minority of patients (0.7% and 5.3%, respectively). Erosions of the surface mucosal epithelium are a common feature in both groups. It is significantly higher in group II (35.2%) than group I (12.5%) (P < 0.001). It is obvious that stool H. pylori positive group had severe histologic parameters than the negative group and this is shown by significant difference in most of the histologic features (Table 3).

elium are a common feature in both groups. It is significantly higher in group II (35.2%) than group I (12.5%) (P < 0.001). It is obvious that stool H. pylori positive group had severe histologic parameters than the negative group and this is shown by significant difference in most of the histologic features (Table 3). Table 3 Histopathology Features of Both Groups Group I (N = 80) Group II (N = 71) P value No. % No. % Chronic active gastritis 77 96.3 19 26.8 < 0.001 Chronic inactive gastritis 3 3.8 47 66.2 < 0.001 H. pylori bacilli present 67 83.8 34 47.9 < 0.001 Dysplasia 8 10.0 0 0.0 0.006 Intestinal metaplasia 0 0.0 1 1.4 0.287 Erosive gastritis 46 57.5 27 38.0 0.017 Glandular atrophy 3 3.8 0 0.0 0.099 Discussion The worldwide prevalence of dyspepsia is high [6] and that is why it is part of daily clinical practice to see many patients with dyspepsia. The decision to proceed to endoscopy in these patients depends on presence or absence of alarm manifestations proposed by the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) [7]. These criteria include the unintended weight loss, progressive dysphagia, persistent vomiting, and evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding with family history of cancer. The AGA recommends endoscopy to be done first in patients with alarm signs and in patients > 55 years old. It is generally accepted to begin empiric PPIs therapy in patients lacking these alarm manifestations and also to test and treat for H. pylori if the prevalence is high. In Egypt, like most of the developing countries, the prevalence of H. pylori infection is high, and the rate is higher in patients with dyspepsia, in patients with histologically confirmed gastritis and in patients of older age groups [8, 9] and that is why testing for H. pylori is routinely performed for dyspeptic patients.

pt, like most of the developing countries, the prevalence of H. pylori infection is high, and the rate is higher in patients with dyspepsia, in patients with histologically confirmed gastritis and in patients of older age groups [8, 9] and that is why testing for H. pylori is routinely performed for dyspeptic patients. Due to limited availability and expense of urea breath test (UBT) especially in small towns and rural areas, we usually in the daily practice rely on H. pylori stool antigen detection for diagnosis of H. pylori infection and that is why this test is used in this study for diagnosis of H. pylori infection, to reflect real life scenario that we usually do. It is evident from the results of the current study that all dyspeptic patients have endoscopic findings ranging from simple gastritis to GERD and peptic ulcer. In fact, according to these findings, it may be of value to proceed to upper endoscopy and probably also biopsy in dyspeptic patients even if the alarm manifestations were lacking. Similar findings were reported by other authors in our community [10, 11] and also from other parts of the world where H. pylori is also of high prevalence [12, 13] with increasing age [11].

value to proceed to upper endoscopy and probably also biopsy in dyspeptic patients even if the alarm manifestations were lacking. Similar findings were reported by other authors in our community [10, 11] and also from other parts of the world where H. pylori is also of high prevalence [12, 13] with increasing age [11]. The most common endoscopic findings in both groups were gastritis, GERD, gastric erosions, peptic ulcer, mucosal nodularity and hiatus hernia, respectively; similar results were also reported from East African Coast in Tanzania [12]. However, a large retrospective study from Egypt including 1,400 patients found that peptic ulcer, esophagitis, and erosive gastroduodenitis were the most common endoscopic findings. Of note, 32% of patients in this study had history of smoking, 32% were taking aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 2% were consuming alcohol and this explains the differences with our study [11].

ound that peptic ulcer, esophagitis, and erosive gastroduodenitis were the most common endoscopic findings. Of note, 32% of patients in this study had history of smoking, 32% were taking aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 2% were consuming alcohol and this explains the differences with our study [11]. All patients of this study had morphologic evidence of gastritis and there was an agreement between endoscopic findings and histological features. All patients in group I (100%) had histological features of chronic gastritis and 93% of patients in group II had also histological features of gastritis. The point of agreement between endoscopic and histologic features was questioned. One study from Nigeria studied 173 dyspeptic patients both endoscopically and histologically and found that concordance between endoscopic gastritis and histologic gastritis was 94.4% [14], while one local study found that endoscopic diagnosis of dyspepsia poorly correlated with histopathological findings [10] and this may be due to the small number of patients included in the later study.

y and histologically and found that concordance between endoscopic gastritis and histologic gastritis was 94.4% [14], while one local study found that endoscopic diagnosis of dyspepsia poorly correlated with histopathological findings [10] and this may be due to the small number of patients included in the later study. In an earlier systematic review concerning patients from middle east regions including Egypt, the prevalence of H. pylori was high in patients with histological features of gastritis [8], results that were also reported from different areas around the world [12, 14-16] and re-enforced by the results of this study, among all patients with histological features of gastritis (N = 146, 96.7%), the prevalence of H. pylori (detected in the histology ) was 69.2% (N = 101) and this was reported earlier from our locality by Hosam and Emara [10] who reported rates of 51.4% and also from other geographic areas and this emphasizes H. pylori as the most common and most important cause of gastritis [17-19].

6, 96.7%), the prevalence of H. pylori (detected in the histology ) was 69.2% (N = 101) and this was reported earlier from our locality by Hosam and Emara [10] who reported rates of 51.4% and also from other geographic areas and this emphasizes H. pylori as the most common and most important cause of gastritis [17-19]. The most striking finding of this study is detection of H. pylori bacilli in patients who initially tested negative for this organism by stool H. pylori antigen. And this raises many questions. The first is regarding the accuracy of H. pylori stool antigen as a reliable diagnostic test for H. pylori infection. In fact the accuracy of H. pylori stool antigen test is affected by many things. Its efficacy is lower when the stool is unformed or watery, because H. pylori-specific antigens in the stool samples are diluted. Temperature (needs lower temperatures) and the interval between stool sample collection and measurement also affect the results [20]. The second is the value of gastric mucosal biopsy in apparently non-inflamed or minimally inflamed gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients in absence of gross features as erosions or ulcer. In fact many authors [10, 21] found high prevalence of gastric mucosal inflammation among dyspeptic patients with apparently normal upper endoscopy.

he value of gastric mucosal biopsy in apparently non-inflamed or minimally inflamed gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients in absence of gross features as erosions or ulcer. In fact many authors [10, 21] found high prevalence of gastric mucosal inflammation among dyspeptic patients with apparently normal upper endoscopy. The problem of dealing with apparently normal gastric mucosa in dyspeptic patients had been resolved by AGA. They recommended that patients undergoing upper endoscopy for dyspepsia as the sole indication, should be exposed for routine biopsies of the normal-appearing gastric body and antrum for the detection of H. pylori infection if the H. pylori infection status is unknown whatever the immune status of the patient and they suggested following the 5-biopsy Sydney System with all specimens placed in the same jar [21]. In our study gastric mucosal erosions are significantly higher in group II than group I and this may be related to dietary habits. These patients were more consumers of spicy and fast foods that are known triggers of gastric hyperacidity.

The problem of dealing with apparently normal gastric mucosa in dyspeptic patients had been resolved by AGA. They recommended that patients undergoing upper endoscopy for dyspepsia as the sole indication, should be exposed for routine biopsies of the normal-appearing gastric body and antrum for the detection of H. pylori infection if the H. pylori infection status is unknown whatever the immune status of the patient and they suggested following the 5-biopsy Sydney System with all specimens placed in the same jar [21]. In our study gastric mucosal erosions are significantly higher in group II than group I and this may be related to dietary habits. These patients were more consumers of spicy and fast foods that are known triggers of gastric hyperacidity. Another important finding of this study is the inability to detect H. pylori bacilli in the stained slides from patients with positive stool H. pylori antigen. This may be due to several reasons. The first may be the uneven distribution of the infection [22], especially if patients were taking PPIs for long period [23]. The second may be non-sufficient four samples policy and the need for more biopsies covering a wide area of gastric mucosa [22, 24, 25] and the AGA recommended five biopsy sites including two from the gastric antrum, two from the gastric body and one from the incisura when detection of H. pylori is an intent [26]. The third once again is the validity of H. pylori stool antigen as a reliable test for diagnosis of H. pylori infection. In fact the accuracy of H. pylori stool antigen test is comparable to UBT when performed under certain precautions: the usage of monoclonal antibodies rather than polyclonal ones and enzyme immunoassay versus immunochromatography, stoppage of PPIs and antibiotics 2 weeks prior to the test [23]. For patients complaining of severe symptoms, antacids or histamine-2 receptor antagonists, which do not interfere with testing, are allowed [27]. For patients unable to stop PPI therapy 2 weeks prior to stool antigen testing, positive test results can be considered as true positive whereas negative results may represent false negatives and should be confirmed with repeat testing 2 weeks after stopping PPI therapy [23]. Although all patients in this study stopped the use of PPIs and antibiotics 4 weeks in advance we cannot guarantee that all patients were compliant with our instructions, particularly some of them were of low socioeconomic and educational class.

be confirmed with repeat testing 2 weeks after stopping PPI therapy [23]. Although all patients in this study stopped the use of PPIs and antibiotics 4 weeks in advance we cannot guarantee that all patients were compliant with our instructions, particularly some of them were of low socioeconomic and educational class. Another possible cause for this discrepancy is the low sensitivity of Geimsa stain in detecting H. pylori organisms in the gastric mucosa biopsies. In conclusion, all patients with dyspepsia in this study had endoscopic evidence of gastritis regardless of their H. pylori status. Most of these patients had histologic evidence of gastric mucosal inflammation. Consequently, it may be advisable to perform endoscopy for patients with dyspepsia and obtain gastric mucosal biopsies for histopathologic examination even in absence of alarm manifestations. The authors would thank all colleagues who helped in conducting this study. Funding None. Conflict of Interest None.