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Sleeping pill use in Brazil: a population-based, cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sleeping pill use in Brazil. DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional study with a three-stage cluster sampling design (census tracts, households and adult residents) was used. SETTING: The Brazilian 2013 National Health Survey was used. PARTICIPANTS: The study population consisted of household residents aged ≥18 years. A total of 60 202 individuals were interviewed, including 52.9% women, and 21% reported depressive symptoms. OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was sleeping pill use, which was self-reported with the question, 'Over the past two weeks, have you used any sleeping pills?' The prevalence was calculated and stratified according to sociodemographic characteristics. The associated factors were identified from prevalence ratios (PRs) obtained through a Poisson regression with robust variance and adjusted for sex and age. RESULTS: The prevalence of sleeping pill use was 7.6% (95% CI 7.3% to 8.0%), and the average treatment duration was 9.75 (95% CI 9.49 to 10.00) days. Self-medication was found in 11.2% (95% CI 9.6% to 12.9%) of users. The following factors were associated with sleeping pill use: female sex (PR=2.21; 95% CI 1.97 to 2.47), an age of ≥60 years (PR=5.43; 95% CI 4.14 to 7.11) and smoking (PR=1.47; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.68). Sleeping pill use was also positively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms (p<0.001), whereas alcohol intake was inversely associated (PR=0.66; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: One in every 13 Brazilians adults uses sleeping pills. There is a lack of information about the reasons for this use. Actions are required to raise awareness about the risks. The results could assist programmes in targeting rational sleeping pill use and the identification of factors demanding intervention.