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Achalasia: a risk factor that must not be forgotten for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Alcohol and tobacco abuse are the main risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but other conditions that induce chronic irritation of the esophageal mucosa have also been attributed to it. For example, long-standing achalasia increases 16 times the risk of developing ESCC. We report the case of a patient with long-standing achalasia who developed ESCC. Although this complication is infrequent, it should be remembered by clinicians who treat patients with achalasia to detect early stages cancer.