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An unusual cause of haemoptysis in childhood: A case report and literature review. Haemoptysis is uncommon in children and the diagnosis is challenging. We describe a 14-year-old child who presented with haemoptysis secondary to a suspected congenital broncho-oesophageal fistula. This is a rare condition and the symptoms are insidious, occasionally beginning in childhood but may present only in adulthood. The case report describes the presentation, diagnosis and management of broncho-oesophageal fistulas, with a review of the current literature.